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overflowing, at another many of them are dry".
"The channels are open, and constructed of stone pitchers. As a rule the pitchers have sand, or sand and tar, between the joints; in a few instances only is lime mixed with the sand, or is cement used, so as to render the channels impermeable. In a very few cases tar (miscalled asphalte) channels have been made".
"In many of the suburbs a large proportion of the channels are still unmade; the liquid sewage from the houses passes sluggishly along natural channels in the ground, here and there accumulating and stagnating, and everywhere soaking into and polluting the soil. In sandy districts the liquid house refuse is largely allowed to lose itself in the sand around the houses. The channels which have been made are not at all accurately levelled with a sufficient fall, and not infrequently the flow is checked by solid refuse which collects in them. Under such circumstances the sewage lingers in the channels and undergoes decomposition. The permeable joints of the pitchers allow great contamination of the soil beneath. This evil is greatest where blocks of houses are intersected by branching lanes and passages in which channels, having often only a slight fall, may be traced for long distances, uniting together and bending at various angles before they reach the main channel in the street. In some instances these complicated channels in the blocks cannot reach the streets directly; a length of underground piping is necessary, which commences at a catch-pit, covered by a grating. During heavy rains solid refuse of all kinds is swept down the channels and accumulates over the gratings, and the drainage then overflows the lanes and yards. Thus the soil is constantly being polluted in greater or less degree; and in the crowded portions of the Metropolis, where the evil is greatest the floors of the houses are often close to the ground so that the mischief is intensified. In certain places crude forms of underground drainage have been introduced to remedy the ill conditions of groups or terraces of houses; but it is questionable whether the remedy so applied does not involve greater dangers to health than the open nuisance originally existing".
"Owing to the careless manner in which the pan-closets are constructed, without impermeable floors, and owing to the use of old and worn-out receptacles, the soil under them is frequently polluted. In some parts, also, the soil has not yet completely recovered from the contamination that was produced during the existence of cesspits. In the low-lying parts of the Metropolis the subsoil is exceedingly damp, so that the walls of tenements suffer".
"The stagnant decomposing drainage also gives off offensive emanations which pollute the air. The underground sewers are not sufficiently ventilated, offensive gases escape through the various openings
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overflowing, at another many of them are dry".
"The channels are open, and constructed of
stone pitchers. As a rule the pitchers bave sand, or sand and tar, between the joints; in a few instances only is line mixed with the sand, or is cement used, so as to render the channels impormeable. In a very few cases tar (miscalled asphalte) chan- nels have been made".
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"In many of the suburbs a large proportion of the channels are still unmade; the liquid sewage from the houses passes sluggishly along natural obannels in the ground, here and there accumulating and stagnat- ing, and everywhere soaking into and polluting the soil. In sandy districts the liquid house refuse is largely allowed to lose itself in the sand around the houses. The channels which have been made are not at all accurately levelled with a sufficient fall, and not infrequently the flow is obecked by solid refuse which collects in then. Under such circumstances the sewage lingers in the channels and undergoes decomposi- tion. The permeable joints of the pitchers allow great contamination of the soil beneath. This evil is greatest where blocks of houses are intersected by branching lanes and passages in which channels, having often only a slight fall, may be traced for long distances, uniting togetber and bending at various angles before they reach the main channel in the street. In some instances these complicated channels in the blocks cannot reach the streets directly; a length of underground piping is necessary, which commences at a catch-pit, covered by a grating. During heavy rains solid refuse of all kinds is swept down the channels and accumulates over the gratings, and the drainage then overflows the lanes and yards. Thus the soil is constantly being pol- luted in greater or less degree; and in the crowded portions of the Metropolis, where the evil is greatest the floors of the houses are often close to the ground so that the mischief is intensified. Is certain places crude forms of underground drainage have been introduced to remedy the ill conditions of groups or terraces of houses; bat it is questionable whether the remedy so applied does not involve greater dangers to health than the open quisance originally existing".
"Owing to the careless manner in which the pan-closets are constructed, without impermeable floors, and owing to the use of old and Mora-out receptacles, the soil under then is frequently polluted. In some parts, also, the soil has not get completely recovered from the contamination that was produced during the existence of cesspits. In the low-lying parts of the Katropolis the subsoil is exceedingly damp, so that the walls of tenements suffer".
"The stagnant decomposing drainage also gives off offensive epanations which pollute the air. The under ground sewers are not sufficiently ventilated, offensive gases escape through the various
openings
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